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SC-r-T. -..■ZTTTTrr- E5 







General Plai. 


I 

Flale. /. 






































































































































THE 


\ 


COFFEE-PLANTER; 

OR, 


AN ESSAY 


On the Cultivation and Manufacturing of 


THAT ARTICLE OF 

W E S T-I N D I A PRODUCE. 

I 

BY 

JOHN LOWNBJES , 

M ' 

PLANTER , 

tfie parity of &amt pawl, 




PRINTED AND PUBLISHED BY C LOWNDES, 
MARQUIS-COURT, DKURY-LANE. 


1807 . 






































\ 


* 
































■*». 











* 




















THE PLANTERS , 

A ND INHABITANTS IN GENERAL, 


OF 


THE ISEAMD OF DOMINICA, 



Author set about committing to 


Paper the following pages, he had not the least 
idea of committing them to Print. 

They were merely intended as a series of obser¬ 
vations, and instructions, for the guidance of who¬ 
soever might happen to be his manager, at the time 
of his departure for Europe. 

He assumes to himself no great merit from the 
performance ; which is no more than methodizing 
what is already known :—yet should it prove 


B 


only 




( 4 ) 


only so far of use, as to inform, in some points* 
the unexperienced in , or to recal to the memory of 
the experienced Planter, any part of the practice 
of the species of Plantership it treats of, it will, he 
trusts, be admitted a sufficient apology for his ob¬ 
truding it upon the notice of the public. 

. \ 

Another motive was, the pleasure he takes in 
offering this tribute of his attachment to, and to- 
ken of his interest in, the welfare of a Colony, 
which has for such a length of time been the seat 
of his and his family’s residence ;—of testifying his 
regret at parting with some valuable and esteemed 
friends ;—and of manifesting his respect for its in¬ 
habitants in general ; of whom he begs leave to 
subscribe 

The most obedient Servant 
and well-wisher, 

THE AUTHOR, 




Dominica 9 July J, 1806c 


THE 


COFFEE-PLANTER; 


OR, 

M 

An ESSAY ,, $c. 


It is singular that the importance of our West- 
India Productions has not excited more ardour in 
those capable of treating on the manner of the 
Culture and manufacturing ofthem.—Some treatises 
have appeared on the subject of Sugar Planting, but 
none of any great degree of merit; and some—vile 
abominable trash.*—A Mr. Laeorte, in his cc St. 
Domingo Coffee-Planter, ” has handled the Subject 
with considerable ability : But his Book is rather 
calculated for a Proprietor cf an Estate, than the 
Manager, or Conductor of one. He occupies too 
many pages on the Subject of making or crea ing 

an 


* Peter Ptterkin’s Book, for instance. 








( 6 ) 


an Estate, to be of much use to the latter; ancl is 
too minute in the description of certain useful im¬ 
plements which stand in need of no description. I 
shall, on the contrary, not conduct my Reader to 
the forest clothed in its native umbrageous vesture, 
but set him down upon a settled plantation, and 
give him some plain and simple directions for con¬ 
ducting it. 


In the course of so doing I shall, of course, treat 
of that part, of extending the cultivation, and en- 
creasing the revenue ; which will bring me, of ne¬ 
cessity, to lay down nearly the same Rules as Mr. 
Laborie gives for making or forming a Planta¬ 
tion. 





THE 


( 7 ) 




THE MANAGER. * 


THE requisite qualities and talents of the person 
to whom should be entrusted the conducting or 
management of a Plantation are so numerous, that it 
is in fact rare, if not next to impossible, to find 
them all concentered in one Man ; and this being the 
case, it can only be recommended to give a prefer¬ 
ence to the person who possesses the most of them. 

In the first place, he should be prudent, even- 
tempered, and sober ; for he is, in fact, when in 
the midst of his Sable Tribe, the miniature of a 
petty absolute Prince surrounded by his Subjects :— 

Plis 

* This is a term applied to the Chief Officer, or dire&or of an 
Estate, which on my first arrival in the West-Indies sounded in 
my ears as rather out of the way; though habit has since, in 
some degree, reconciled it. I should suppose some strolling 
Player, having turned Planter, was the first who conferred or as¬ 
sumed it. In Jamaica this Officer is termed the Overseer; and him 
whom we term Overseer, is there called the Book-Keeper: the 
reason of which is, we suppose, because his business is not to keep 
books, but to pad about the Field and Works, and perform the 
menial offices thereof. 

On reading thus much of this Note to an Intelligent Friend, he 
cast a light upon the matter, of which we must acknowledge our 
previous ignorance, viz. that the Officer of the subaltern white 
Superintendant in Jamaica had got so out of credit, that young 
men would not emigrate to take the situation, under the title it 
then bore, in consequence of which, the Proprietors resident in 

Europe, 



( 8 ) 


His dictate constitutes the Law, from which there 
is no appeal. He therefore ought to govern by 
the Rules of the most impartial justice; and, in 
the distribution of his rewards and punishments, 
to inflict the latter only on full conviction of the 
demerits of the subject, nor suffer himself to be 
guided in the former by caprice or partiality. 

Thus much for his situation in a general point 
of view : we shall now descend more into par¬ 
ticulars.— 

He should, above all things, possess humanity and 
moderat on, with firmness to enforce discipline, and 
punish disobedience. He should possess as much 
of the knowledge of Physic as can be extracted 
from Buchan’s Family Physician ; that is, to know 

_ 

Europe, or the r Agents employed to procure them, thought fit 
to change the term to that of “ Book Keeper,”—(in which, we 
cannot but admit, was an unpardonable departure from candour) 
in order to do away the odium which the previous appellation had 
acquired. Let it not, however, be inferred that we hold the si¬ 
tuation in a way disreputable.— A prudent sober Overseer is a 
highly reputable character; and is a step of the ladder which has 
raised many to the most respectable situations. 

Could I effect a reform, I would call the Chief Director the 
Superintendant ; his subordinate Assistants /^Supervisors; 
and the Driver ( a term I ever held in aversion ) the Overseer : 
the names would then bear some analogy to the Office. 

The Driver, though taken from among the blacks, is an Officer 
of importance and respectability. Two, three, or more may be 
necessary on large Estates.—In fact, the requisites for properly 
filling this station are almost as numerous as those of the Ma* 
pager* He 




( 9 ) 


by the pulse, tongue, and other external tokens, 
if a subject who complains is really sick : It were 
well if his skill in Surgery went to phlebotomy and 
the setting of a limb : He should know a sufficiency 
of Farriery to make the proper applications for 
diseases of Horses, Mules, and horned-cattle :— 
He should be sufficient of a Mechanic to superin¬ 
tend the erection, at least, of rough buildings :— 
He should be so much of a Mathematician, as to 
be able to measure, and cast up the contents of a 
piece of Land ; to trace Roads, and level Ca¬ 
nals for conducting Water :—He should possess a 
knowledge of Law and natural Justice, to decide 
correctly and impartially, in contests for property, 
and other disputes, among the Class of people com¬ 
mitted to him ; and enough of the Sacerdotal cha¬ 
racter, to inculcate a love of order and morality, 
without permitting his doctrines to partake of the 
cant and hypocrisy of Methodism. 

All these requisites, with a thorough knowledge 
of his business, it must be admitted, are very rare 

to 

He should preserve a steady impartial authority ; he should exact 
silence and order at the work :—he should keep himself clear 
from, and discover, and expose, all cabals :—he should be vigi¬ 
lant in the extreme over the conduct of the people in their Houses | 
for as his resorts will be so much more immediately among 
them, than the whites, he cannot but be informed of all that 
passes:—he should be tenacious of the respect due to his situa¬ 
tion ; and even at their feasts, diversions, and recreations, pre¬ 
serve a proper distance and reserve This Officer is allowed to 
punifh, for negligence or remissness, as far as half a dozen lashes ; 
but no further, without orders from the Chief Director of the 
Estate. 



( 10 ) 


to be found united in one person.—And when we 
look round and see the many drunken, ignorant, il¬ 
literate, dissolute, unprincipled Characters, to whom 
the charge of Property is confided, (sometimes by 
the careless, or less conscientious, Attornies of ab¬ 
sent Proprietors), it is no wonder the Estate goes 
to ruin and destruction. 

In my choice of a Manager, I would, contrary to 
the system of many people, prefer a married Man— 
and that for a variety of reasons :—the objection 
“ that he will require more servants 55 is a very idle 
one. What a portion of attendance do we not see 
exacted by a coloured Mistress !—A prudent white 
Wife will voluntarily occupy herself among the sick 
Slaves :—Her affection to her husband will induce 
her to do it, to ease him of the burthen : Your 
Estate will be the domestic seat of order and deco¬ 
rum, instead of drunkenness, revelry and riot: — 
And the Manager will of course be more attached 
to his home, where domestic comfort awaits his ar¬ 
rival, than he who returns to the taunts of an ex¬ 
torting coloured Concubine, or any imperious fe¬ 
male Slave selected from your gang; who, with 
the whole of her family and connexions, must be 
pampered and indulged, and thus spread jealousies, 
murmurs, and discontent, throughout all the other 
Negroes of the Plantation. 

* 

It is, however, but justice to admit, although I 
am no advocate for the open libertinism which is too 
charitably glanced over in this Clime, nor solicitous 

of 


( 11 ) 


of conciliating the goodwill of those Nymphs 
who kindly bestow their endearments on the youth 
of the other Sex, whose circumstances and situation 
incline them not to Matrimony,—that although I 
have known some coloured Damsels possessed of 
such a portion of the termagant, as to breed such 
strife that their Keeper could retain no situation 
whatever—yet have I known others possessed of 
sufficient moderation, and useful industry, to con¬ 
duct themselves in a Way, not only not to injure , but 
to be of service to, the property conducted by 
their paramours. 

Mr. Laborie has been so very minute as to be¬ 
gin by the choice of soil and situation—by describ¬ 
ing the mode of cutting the Trees, and clearing 
and preparing the ground for planting ; and even 
to present engraved Plates of the implements em¬ 
ployed for these purposes. But as most of my 
readers know what an axe, a grubbing-hoe, a pick¬ 
axe, and a saw are, I shall begin my directions 
from the process of lining the ground for planting ; 
and in this I perfectly agree with Mr. Laborie, of 
keeping an account of the number of the Picquets, 
(as by that means you ascertain the quantity of 
land planted) and of driving them well into the 
ground with a wooden mallet. 

o 

Previous to this part of the process, w r e, how-, 
ever, pre-suppose the clearing of the land ; and 
here arises a quere , on the manner in which it is 
to be effected, and of the convenience which may 
arise, in point of expedition, with the alledged per¬ 
nicious, effects of 


V 


c 


BURNING 


( 12 ) 


\ 


BURNING the BRUSH, 

LESSER BRANCHES, 

I 

AND RUBBISH, ON THE GROUND. 

-■ 

AS I sometimes refer to the practice of my 
neighbours, ancl sometimes confine myself to the 
mode suggested and adopted by myself, it may be 
proper here to consider the practice of burning, 
to clear the land of the bushes, rubbish, and the 
lesser branches of the Timber, which occupies its 
surface after the process of felling, and junking the 
Trees. Burning it on the surface has been the 
mode generally adopted and the mode which I 
have followed ; I am, however, much inclined to 
the opinion, that it would be better if the contents 
of the surface could be permitted to rot between 
the rows. It is true, it would afford a lesser space 
for provisions ; but provisions might be planted 
in ground apart. I shall therefore strengthen my 
opinion by the authority of the writer already 
referred to, who justly observes, that, after this 
general conflagration, 44 a quantity of small wood 
“ sometimes remains unconsumed. Thiss” says 
he, 44 must be gathered into heaps, and burned 
44 again.” 

But, ” continues he, c< this must be avoided 

44 as 



( 13 ) 


“ as much as possible, by proper precautions in 
“ the first burning ; because the ground is often 
41 burnt into brick by these great fires,” 

i 

44 Nay, in general,” continues he, 44 though 
“ ashes are a kind of manure, on account of the 
44 alkaline salt they contain, it is to be wished that 
“ burning could be dispensed with, because it 
64 destroys more of the salts contained in the soil 
44 than the ashes supply ; and besides, the mould- 
44 ering of the raw wood affords a manure which 
44 is hereby annihilated, But if this is attempted, 
44 the quantity of wood, sometimes very great, 
44 should be arranged into straight and parallel 
44 rows, between which the Coffee-trees may be 
44 planted. Where these must be at small distances 
44 from each other, it would become extremely 
44 difficult. Besides, nothing could be planted in 
44 these thick covered intervals, On the other hand, 
44 this practice would be attended with the addi- 
44 tional advantage of furnishing, in process of time, 
44 a good manure, of sheltering the young Coffee 
44 from the wind, and dividing the streams* of rain- 
44 water, which are equally hurtful. This I know 
44 has been practised with success in plantations 
41 where there was a great number of hands, and 
44 the trees were planted at large distances. But 
44 I would not venture to try it in the first settle- 
44 ment, where a few negroes are employed ; and 
44 where every spot must be converted into use, for 
44 a speedy and ample supply ofground provisions, 
44 and vegetables of all sorts,”— 


So 


( H ) 


So far the judicious Laborie. —For my part, I 
must confess, I regret a thick layer of half rotten 
leaves, small branches, and other ingredients, con¬ 
genial to vegetation, should fall a prey to the ra¬ 
vages of that devouring element, Fire.—Yet after 
all, the devoting them to this fate is, perhaps, un¬ 
avoidable. 

OF LINING, &c. 

The distance of the rows is a most essential 
object of consideration ; and in which the Planter 
must be guided chiefly by the quality of the Soil. 
Some Planters line at the distance of ten feet each 
way : others ten feet by nine.—My practice has 
been generally nine feet square, which I have found, 
upon experience, in good soil, neither too wide nor 
too near. Some Planters plant much nearer :* 
But experience has in many instances proved this 
a bad practice ; as, if your soil is good, the trees 
grow so luxuriant that they touch and crowd 
each other, and exclude air, which prevents their 
bearing.—I would therefore rather err on the other 
side, although I should be charged with a waste of 
Surface : Nor would I, in any land, except exhaust¬ 
ed soil, where you may expect your trees will be¬ 
come stunted, (and such is scarce worth planting 
at all), plant nearer than eight feet. 

The 


* Mr. Laborie talks of planting at the distance of three feet 
square; and then gives a Latitude extending to ten by nine, 
and twelve by eleven—which, if just, the soil must vary much in 
St. Domingo.-—/ 7 *^ his Book, page 113 . 



( 15 ) 



The manner of performing this part of the bu¬ 
siness is so very simple as to require little explana¬ 
tion. Indeed, if the Surface was of such a kind as 
to admit your laying out the Ground in squares, 
little direction on this head would be required ; 
but as Coffee Estates are generally situated in the 
up-lands, where the surface is very irregular, a 
mode of reducing such irregular surfaces to as re¬ 
gular figures as possible may not be improper in a 
treatise on this subject. And as the Author is at 
the present moment about planting some new pieces 
of Coffee of this description, he shall submit, for 
the consideration of others, his mode of doing it, 
leaving the adoption of his method to such only as 
may approve it. 

The piece of Land, of which he makes the ex¬ 
ample in the present instance, is of the kind of Sur¬ 
face which the Coffee-Planter will have most fre¬ 
quently to deal with, viz, a hill-side, circumscribed 
at top and bottom by two nearly parallel roads ; 
on one end by the boundary of his Neighbour, of 
which the obliquity prevents his making that end 
square, and, on the other end, by some rocks and 
cliffs, which oppose the same obstacle to regularity 
of figure. 

Coffee rows, like the rows of Cane-holes, in 
Lands having a slope, should be planted as nearly 
level as possible, both for the convenience of work¬ 
ing, and preventing of washes ; with this differ¬ 
ence, that the angular points of Canc-holes, not 

being 


( 16 ) 


being so far asunder as the Coffee Picquets, should 
the surface require it, a sort of curved line may be 
resorted to. But this, in Coffee, would have a 
very slovenly, aukward effect ; therefore a princi¬ 
pal line must be struck, as near on a level as possi¬ 
ble ; and this line, being crossed by one at right 
angles, the whole of the piece must be staked off 
by lines parallel to these two primary lines of 
direction. 

/* 

The liner should therefore begin somewhere 
about the middle of the piece, as at the point A, 
and there, running his line right down across the 
piece, to B, in such wise in the direction of the 
slope of the hill, that it shall intersect a line at 
right-angles thereto, which shall be as nearly as 
possible on a level, as CD: from these he lines 
off his piece upwards to the upper road, and 
downwards to the lower one, throwing the irre¬ 
gularity in the number of his picquets on the out¬ 
sides or extremities of his piece, and preserving the 
middle of it perfectly regular and square. 

The implements employed in lining are, a strong 
line or chain, marked with pieces of coloured cloth 
at the distance at which the Coffee-plants are to 
be planted from each other ; a rod or measure of 
the length of the distance of each row from its 
neighbouring one ; a sufficient parcel of good 
strong stakes or picquets, pointed at the lower end, 
and a mallet for driving them. The operation will 
require four people, viz. one to each end of the 

chain 




( 17 ) 

* 

chain or line ; one to cany the bundle of picquets 
(which must be previously counted into hundreds, 
and accounted for) ; and the liner himself, who will 
receive the picquets, one by one, from the carrier, 
and drive them into the ground. 


The first object, in beginning to line a piece, is 
to establish your two primary lines at right angles 
to each other. This done, the person who holds 
the end of the chain or line at A, moves it to the 
second picquet at D, and the person holding the 
other end measures with his rod the distance from 
B towards E, and strains his line from D to E; 
along which the liner, as in the line A B, plants his 
picquets; and thus proceeds with each succeed¬ 
ing line or row, till the piece is completed. 


In the process of lining, another object of con-Fences, or 
sideration will occur to the Planter, and that is the 
number and distribution of his Fences or Live- 
hedges : and, in this place, it may not be amiss to 
enter into the history, and first introduction of 
these Fences or Live-hedges. It is in the memory 
of most Planters of any standing when Coffee- 
patches were planted like our Cane-Fields, with¬ 
out any fences or divisions ; and, until some 
dreadful ravages by Hurricanes suggested to the 
Planter the idea of protecting his plantations from 
the wind, was the planting these fences ever 
thought adviseable or necessary. 


Some Planters having adopted the System, and 

essayed 


( 18 ) 


essayed various species of plants for the purpose, 
Fois-doux. ovcr aH which the Pois-doux obtained (andjustly) 
the preference, the rage of Plantership was all di¬ 
rected to fences of that plant; and many Planta¬ 
tions became so covered with them, you could 
scarce discern any thing else. There is no doubt 
that, although Pois-doux is a plant favourable to 
Coffee, that, where Coffee is too much crowded 
with it, it will not bear: Yet this is not a reason 
for adopting a system, which some Planters are be¬ 
ginning to embrace, of cutting it all down. Having 
escaped for a series of years from a Hurricane, they 
begin to forget its ravages. But, independent of 
the protection afforded by this plant, at proper in¬ 
tervals, the Coffee-Planter must consider its utility 
in an horizontal direction on hill-sides ; its cheer¬ 
ing effects upon the Coffee, in contributing its 
cuttings, to prevent the thirsty rays of the Sun 
from absorbing the moisture of the Soil, and keep¬ 
ing down weeds and grass. Its various good 
offices certainly require some acknowledgment : 
The Pois-doux stands in the predicament of a ve¬ 
teran Servant ; who, having faithfully discharged 
his duty, it would be ungenerous wholly to discard, 
because his Services may not be so frequently use¬ 
ful to us as formerly. 

\ ' \ 

But to return to our subject of lining.— 

% , ^ / 

It is, I believe, the custom of Coffee-Planters in - 
general to plant their Coffee in every row picquet- 
ed, and afterwards to plant their Pois-doux , at such 

interval? 


/ 


( 19 ) 

intervals as they may deem proper between each two 
rows of Coffee which shall occur in such interval. 
Now, supposing the fences to be allotted to every 
sixth row, and the Coffee-rows to be nine feet asun¬ 
der, the Pois-doux plant will be only four and an 
half feet distant from each of the Coffee plants of 
the two rows between which it is situated ; and, 
when it comes to extend its branches, must so far 
encroach upon the Coffee as to prevent those rows 
bearing so plentifully as they otherwise would do. 
I would therefore recommend the planting the Pois - 
doux in the space occupied by every sixth row of 
Coffee ; thus affording to every row the equal means 
of extending its branches ; and the Coffee plants, 
as the Pols-doux advances to maturity, may be re¬ 
moved for supplies in the places where they may 
be wanted. 

Before I dismiss this section of the Subject, it 
may not be wholly foreign thereto to touch upon 
the distribution of Coffee-pieces on hill-sides.— 
Along hill-sides I would ahvays lead good broad 
horizontal roads, at convenient and proper dis¬ 
tances apart ; on the lower side of which should be 
planted Pols-doux fences ; which not only arrest 
the further progress of stones which may roll down, 
but retain the soil washed into them by the rains, 
which may be collected, and afford a grateful nu* 
triment to the adjacent trees. 

Neatness in Piantership is, as in every thing 
else, a very desirable object; for though some may 

D say, 


( 20 ) 


say,“ W hat care I for symmetry and appearance!— 
“ give me revenue \ yy —I must insist upon it that 
symmetry and regularity contribute to increase of 
revenue. And therefore, when a Planter is about 
so important a work as the laying out a piece of 
Coffee, which in good soil, and well attended to, 
will last for ages—I insist he commits an unpar¬ 
donable negligence, if his work exhibits a parcel of 
unneessary crooks and obliquities ; it being de¬ 
monstrable by mathematical principles, that regular 
figures will contain the greatest quantity, at least 
afford the most favourable distribution of it. 

planting. next come to the business of Planting, a 

process so simple as to require very little explana¬ 
tion. However, as even in the most simple opera¬ 
tions method contributes to facility and dispatch, 
I shall describe the mode by which I have gene¬ 
rally been guided. 

Having procured the quantity of plants requir¬ 
ed, (of which those raised in a nursery in the open 
ground should be preferred to those which promis¬ 
cuously spring up under the trees, being more hardy, 
and less liable to be checked in their growth by the 
heat of the Sun) two persons should be allotted to the 
operation:-—one of whom should be provided with a 
strong hard-wood picquet, about five feet long and 
two inches diameter, pointed at the end ; and, if 
shod with iron, it may perhaps be better ; though 
hard wood pointed, and that point a little scorched 
in the fire, will fully answer the purpose. This the 

carrier 


carrier will forcibly drive into the ground in four 
places, about twelve inches from each picquet, so as 
to form a square circumscribing it as equi-distant as 
the eye will permit: And, having pierced the 
ground to a sufficient depth, and opened the ori¬ 
fice sufficiently wide to receive the root of the plant 
with all its fibres, the carrier of the plant will put 
in four plants to each picquet, inserting them to 
the depth at which they were growing originally, 
and close the soil round them. The reason of in¬ 
troducing four plants is, that you may have 
your choice of the two best of them, of which you 
will make your election after they are a little ad* 
vanced in growth. The other two may be thrown 
away ; or, if good plants, will serve to supply those 
places where the plants may either fail or sustain 
injury. 

It is highly probable that single trees would thrive 
better, and give more produce than in the above 
mode of rearing them in pairs : but as the Coffee 
plant is obnoxious to a variety of accidents, as in¬ 
jury by the rolling of stones, disease, and even 
a premature death, without any outward visible 
cause ; was the planter to place his whole depen¬ 
dence on a single Tree to a picquet, the destruc¬ 
tion of such tree would cause so great a breach in 
his piece as would require some years to fill up : 
Whereas one, of a pair, being destroyed, its part¬ 
ner spreads its branches in his place, and in a short 
time the deficiency becomes imperceptible. 


Some 


( 22 ) 


Some Planters, even in new soil, dig a small hole 
for the plant, the soil of which they plough up a 
little and return : a practice I cannot conceive 
necessary, as in good soil the earth is sufficiently 
free without loosening- The consequence of which 
is, your plant is exposed to be shaken by the least 
wind, which will inevitably tend to its destruction. 

Here we have presumed to differ with the in¬ 
genious Laborie, from whom we shall extract a 
short quotation :—“ Next, ” says that Author, 
<c holes are to be dug, of which every picquet must 
“ as much as possible be the centre ; these must 
“ be nine or twelve inches diameter, and fifteen or 
“ eighteen in depth. Perhaps so much is not ex- 
ec pressly necessary for the success of the plant ; 
“ but it is obvious that the tender roots will 
“ penetrate more easily into a soil well triturated 
46 and manured. 

“ The earth from the hole is placed beneath it, 
C{ at the surface of the ground, and the picquet 
“ is left in the empty hole. 

“ A few settlers plant in light crumbly ground 
“ by means of the picquet ; that is, instead of 
“ digging the ground, they content themselves 
“ with forcing a large pointed stick into the earth ; 

“ move it round, and then insert the plant into 
“ that small hole, together with some mould well 
*■ triturated. These expeditious and lazy methods 
<£ are only mentioned to warn the reader from 
“ adopting them. 55 The * 


The reader here has his option of two very op¬ 
posite doctrines. I should be very sorry to incul¬ 
cate habits of laziness ; but must observe, that the 
Coffee-Planter will experience sufficient occasions 
to exercise his industry and activity, without ex¬ 
pending it in useless labour. * 

And now it is begins the Planter’s toil.—To Weetlm s* 
rear every species of plant to a state of luxuriance, 
the weeds and grass must be carefully extirpated ; 
and in this point Coffee, particularly in its infancy, 
calls forth the strictest attention. Your weeding 
must therefore be early, and frequently repeated ; 
for, should your young plant so far feel neglect in 
this most essential point, as to change its colour 
from the luxuriant dark green to a pale yellow, it 
will sustain such an irreparable injury, as time and 
after-labour can scarcely ever surmount. 

Yet, whilst young*, the intermediate spaces may Aamis ' ible 

J 07 . 1 . . plants m va- 

be occupied by other useful plants, without infury cant *paces <>£ 

-i . ^ i • i i i Coffee-pieces. 

to the piece ; or which the least annoyant is the 
Tannier, the Edda, or Malanga j*. Plantains may 
be thinly distributed at moderate distances ; but 
they must be thinned as the Coffee advances to ma¬ 
turity ; nor will rows of Pigeon-Peas, or Pois- 
Angole, particularly the dwarf kind, through the 
centers of some of the rows, be of prejudice ; but, 
on the contrary, a protection:—But Yams, and 

running 

• O 

* Laborie directs the furnishing of these holes but with a 
single tree. 

f Called byLABORiE Tayaux • 



( 24 ) 


running Vines of every kind, ought to be strictly in¬ 
terdicted, as they wind about the Coffee, entangle 
in its branches, and do it considerable injury. The 
Palma Christi , or plant from which the Castor-oil 
is made, is also among the number of admissible 
plants ; and indeed the occupying the spaces be¬ 
tween the rows with any plant which does not too 
much exhaust the substance of the Soil, is of ad¬ 
vantage, as preventing the effects of the intense heat 
of the Sun’s rays from absorbing its juices, till such 
time as the Coffee plants themselves sufficiently ex¬ 
tend their branches for that salutary purpose. 

Magnioc, if you have a French Manager, he will 
be a strenuous advocate for introducing, it being a- 
m°n gyoar Coffee, and as he terms his privileges. But 
even was this privilege not frequently abused (which 
is not often the case) it ought to be very thinly 
planted, and continued for a very short time ; never 
exceeding one crop of Farine. In short, this descrip¬ 
tion of people will be for introducing potatoes, peas, 
and corn ; for which reason it will ever be my 
maxim, and the leading feature of my instructions to 
my Attornies, never to employ a French Manager. 

Nor fear I here to be accused by the French Plan¬ 
ters with illiberality, or national prejudice. The 
French Proprietors are themselves so well convinc¬ 
ed of the justness of my assertion, that they scarce¬ 
ly ever confer the authority which we annex to the 
character and situation of a Manager, on their 

Monsieur l y Econome .” Some of the most able and 

well- 


( 25 ) 


well-informed French Planters, my friends, have 
observed to me—“ Mon ami, il vous faut un bon 
46 Econome Fran$ais—mais— ou le trouver je ne 
64 vous dirai pas ;—car ce sont des oiseaux bien 
“ rare.”*—Now as I happen to be precisely of the 
same opinion, and observe the exactitude with which 
they themselves follow the advice they give me, (the 
surest test of its sincerity) I should conceive my¬ 
self justly accused of foliy and want of observa¬ 
tion, were I not to perceive that, as they reside con¬ 
stantly on the spot, and conduct the business them¬ 
selves, the being who acts under them, as an over¬ 
seer, is always prohibited the privilege of either 
thinking or acting. His eyes, to view the perform¬ 
ance of the labour he is to superintend, and ears, 
to receive the orders of his Bourgeois , f are all the 
organs requisite for such a being. This is, however, 
a so much to be envied character, that (if perfect 
happiness is attainable upon earth) add but to his 
privileges of magnioc, pulse, corn and potatoes, 
a bundle of segars, a bottle of new rum in reserve, 
a hammock to loll in during the short periods of 
the suspension of labour, and a coloured mistress, 
and he is in possession of it. 

As in few Coffee Estates is to be found a regular 
uniformity of quality in the soil, the careful Plan¬ 
ter will direct his attention to those parts which re¬ 
quire a greater portion of labour, and the assistance 

of 


* “ My friend, yon should have a good French Manager—but 
“ where you will find him I will not say ;—for it is a species of 
“ beings very scarce.” f Employer. 



Manure. 0 f manure. This he ought to be particularly atten¬ 
tive to, as well from the motive of exhibiting a 
handsome appearance of neat plantership, as that 
of forming his work into a compact compass. For 
if, by parsimony of a little extra labour, he leaves 
shabby patches in the midst of his more flourishing 
pieces, it not only prejudices a discerning observer 
with respect to the value of the property; but 
drives him to the necessity of seeking those re¬ 
sources towards his crop, by traversing through 
tracts of distant ground, which might be found 
nearer home. A poor patch of Coffee in the vicinity 
of the buildings is therefore an unpardonable negli¬ 
gence ; as the sweepings and cleanings of the 
kitchen, stables, and pens, Coffee-husks, and chaff, 
will afford sufficient and ample means of renovating 
the powers of vegetation. For tins purpose large 
holes ought to be dug, (the larger the better) and 
this compost mingled with the soil thence taken, 
and a little of the contiguous upper surface put 
therein ; and in this regenerated mould the plant 
should be carefully deposited, and sedulously de¬ 
fended from annoyance by weeds. The manure, 
should its effects appear to be suspended, or ex¬ 
hausted, can be renewed at the different periods of 
weeding ; and then the oldest land on the Estate, if 
the surface is of such moderate descent as to retain 
the soil and manure, may be invigorated so as to 
last for ages. 

proof the prnc- j\ s an instance in proof of this assertion, I have 

ticabihty of r 

renovating the a piece of land, which, independent of its being 

powers of r ^ 

vegetation. - Very 


( 57 ) 


very unfairly treated by the proprietor, my imme¬ 
diate predecessor, laboured under all the following 
disadvantages. In 1765, the year in which he 
purchased, he found it in abandoned Coffee, run 
up wild to the height of from 13 to 20 feet: He 
then cut it down near the ground, and, as the term 
js, rattooned it; that is, let it grow up in sprouts, 
or new shoots. In 1778 he was induced again to 
cut it down, stump up the roots, and plant the 
land in canes ; in which lie cultivated it several 
years.—-A new fit of caprice induced him, many 
years after, to exercise his vengeance upon the 
Can es; which he extirpated, and lined and re-occu¬ 
pied the place of them with Coffee. At this period, 
viz. 1806, forty years from that to which I can 
trace any knowledge of this Coffee, (although it 
was probably planted some seven, eight, or ten 
years previous thereto) it exhibits an appearance 
of as much luxuriance and productiveness as any 
piece of Coffee I know in the Colony ; and affords 
an irrefragable proof of the practicability of renovat¬ 
ing the powers of vegetation, in a soil apparently 
exhausted, 

- # | V ' 

In the cultivation of a Sugar Estate, the making of 
Dung is of such importance, that the Cattle-pens 
are shifted to the pieces for which they are destined ; 
which, by being frequently trashed and moulded, 
soon increase to a considerable quantity : but as, 
on Coffee Estates, this practice cannot be adopted, 
the careful Planter will avail himself of all the in¬ 
gredients he can rake up about the buildings, He 

E must 


must be particularly careful that his manure is well 
rotted ; particularly the Coffee-husks, or outer skin 
of the berry, should it constitute any considerable 
portion of the composition. It may then be con¬ 
veyed to the spot by Mules, and dropped in heaps 
at convenient distances, from which it must be 
gathered up in baskets, and laid round the root of 
the tree : besides which, each Negro should carry 
out a basket full as they go out to the field. Should 
the surface have acquired a hardness unfavourable 
to its reception, he should employ two or three 
able people with picquets, similar to those used for 
planting, with which the soil should be loosened 
about the roots of the trees A practice by which 
I have known many a hard steril piece of ground 
brought to fecundity. 

The manure, when placed to the tree, should 
be covered with some of the adjacent dry weeds, or 
Pois-doux branches, to prevent the sun from exhal¬ 
ing its juices. Nor should fowls be allowed to 
stray into the piece, which, by scratching for worms, 
will rake the manure away from the trees. 

To a careful and emulous Planter, a variety of ex¬ 
pedients will present themselves, to prevent the es¬ 
cape of the soil in heavy rains. Drains, judiciously 
dispersed, with little declivity, tending to hollow 
paits, where the soil can be retained, and large 
holes, by some Planters called mould-traps , may be 
made to arrest almost every particle ; by which pre¬ 
caution the soil is not lost, but only removed ; and 
* may 


( 59 ) 


hlay be collected and administered to the roots of 
such of the next adjacent trees as may most re¬ 
quire it. 

?« 

V , ■> 

1 shall, in the course of this work, submit to the Draihing, 
consideration of the reader the plan of a mode I 
had suggested for draining a piece of ground of my 
own, which, though oh a slope, was a little springy* 
in a long continuance of rainy weather. 

When a Coffee-piece is reduced to d situation re-Pruning* 
quiring manure, Priming becomes sometimes a ne¬ 
cessary operation ; though whenever this occurs, 
it is an indubitable sign of negligence ; for if proper 
attention is paid to the tree at the different periods of 
Weeding, it will only increase its circumference, by 
branches which will increase the quantity of its fruit. 

The suckers therefore (with what Mr. La boric terms 
the gormandizing branch*) w 7 ill be all that will re¬ 
quire removal. 

As the Coffee-Planter may, however, be obliged 
to resort to the operation of pruning, from the neg¬ 
ligence of his predecessor in charge, and of that 
species of pruning performed by the sa\v, and may 
be rather called amputation, from aU occasional 
failure of some of the old trees, we shall make that 
operation a section in this Essay. Besides 

* A large branch which issues from the top of the tree, and 
spreads horizontally over the other branches. This branch is ge- 
nerally so loaded with berries, that some Planters are thereby in¬ 
duced not to remove it. But it is alledged (and justly) that its 
abundant productiveness exhausts the tree, and prevents its 
subsequent fecundity. For which reason it should be removed 
by the operation of the knife. 


\ 



( 30 ) 


Besides the perpendicular shoots, called Slickers, 
which, particularly whilst the vegetation is strong, 
will be constantly sprouting from the top of the: 
tree, there are frequently others, from the lower 
part, even to the surface. If these are Hot constant¬ 
ly taken oft, they Require a woody substance, great¬ 
ly prejudicial to, and, at length, dispute the pre¬ 
eminence with, the original tree, which declines 
as these upstarts increase in vigour : The conse¬ 
quence will be, if the Planters negligence has gone 
thus far, that he will be obliged to exercise the saw 
upon the parent plant, and substitute one of these 
his offspring in his place, Which Will afford him a 
poor indemnification for the regular annual produc¬ 
tion of a tree at maturity. Should a tree fail by age 
or accident, the saw must be applied a few inches 
from the ground, and two stickers allowed to ascend, 
that the Planter may* at a future period, take hh 
choice of the most luxuriant ; and this shoot, care¬ 
fully attended to* will yield you fruit in eighteen 
months after the! operation of amputation. 

Another occasion for pruning may arise from 
negligence in the manner of taking off these 
suckers ;—from not taking them off in time—let- 
ling them increase into too great numbers, and 
then cutting them off, instead of stripping them. 
These practices will increase the evil to that de- 
gree, that it will probably require a quarter of an 
hour to put to rights a single tree. In this opera¬ 
tion, as well as in some others of pruning, the 
operator must have recourse to that kind of Saw, 

called 


( si ) 


called by the French a Passe-par-toat —by Eng¬ 
lish mechanics, a Compass-Saw ; which, by the 
narrowness of its blade, can be inserted among the 
thickly interwoven branches, 

4 • \ 

Having now committed our young plant to the 
Soil, with an earnest injunction to the person in 
charge to take a parental interest in its welfare, 
particularly by frequent and faithful weedings, wc 
must begin to think of preparing for the busy avo¬ 
cations of Crop; to which, as we consider this 
Treatise as a guide for conducting an Estate already 
formed, and having mature and productive, as 
well as young and declining Coffee, thereon, the 
anxious cares of the Manager must now be called 
forward. We will therefore here quit our concern 
for the yotlng plant, which it is, however, to be 
hoped will not relax in his attention to, even 
through the hurry and bustle incident to crop-time. 

There is another object of considerable import¬ 
ance in the cultivation part of a Coffee-Estate, 
which we shall treat of when we come to that stagfe 
of our w r ork, which is the ridding the mature trees 
from Suckers ; a term which we have used under 
the article of Pruning, and which perhaps, in order 
to have preserved a strict adherence to regularity 
of arrangement, should have preceded it. These 
are, as before observed, certain exuberant perpen¬ 
dicular shoots, issuing generally where the alti¬ 
tude of the trees has been arrested, and sometimes 
lower. As these are generally more prevalent af¬ 
ter 


Sucker?. 


( 32 ) 

ter Crop* when its occupations lias occasioned the 
field work to be, in some degree, suspended, and 
drawn off the necessary attention to them ; we 
shall postpone treating of them, at least till the 
getting in of the Crop from the field, when we shall 
consider also what young Coffee has attained a 
sufficient height to require an arrest of its further 
perpendicular progress. These Suckers, as we be¬ 
fore observed, are generally most abundant towards 
the end of the Crop, and therefore should be taken 
off at the time of gathering in the green and ripe 
berries, or last picking; 

Although the ripening of the Coffee berries 
varies a little, there is generally pretty good picking 
by the latter end of August or beginning of Septem¬ 
ber : and; therefore, previous to this period, the 
Negroes’ clothing ought lobe issued, as the neces¬ 
sity of keeping them out, and exposing them to the 
rains, which are frequent and heavy at that season, 
and the worse than rains, the drippings of the wet 
branches of the Coffee* is liable to occasion colds, 
indispositions, and diseases among them. A suffi¬ 
cient stock of buckets should be previously provided, 
and each Negro furnished with two, viz. one large 
enough to contain as much as a Negro can pick in 
the course of a forenoon, or afternoon, which is 
generally placed, for a time at least* in a stationary 
situation ; and a small one, which they pick into s 
and empty into the large one, as often as it is filled, 

A Negro is very improvident of what is furnished 

by 


I 


( 33 ) 

by his master ; and therefore the baskets issued to 
them for his use are not very carefully husbanded. 
It carries all the articles which the Negro takes to 
market; and his plants, &c. to his ground : And 
if it was to be replaced as often as they would wear 
it out, you might devote half the gang to the trade 
of basket-making. Therefore some Estates, after once 
issuing them, furnish no more; but make the Negroes 
replace them themselves : Others furnish them oc¬ 
casionally with new ones, but few so frequently as 
annually : And the way these baskets are procured 
is by sending an elderly or easiest to be spared 
Negro into the woods for the withes, and employ¬ 
ing another (or two) who may be disabled from 
work by a sore leg, or other complaint, which does 
not disable his hands, to work up these withes into 
baskets. 


The quantity of Coffee which each Negro can 
pick in a day varies. Simple as is the operation, 
some are more expert at it than others ; and it is 
a good picker who gathers a barrel, or four quarts, 
per day. 


Each of the larger baskets ought to contain two 
quarts, or half a barrel ; and the driver, seeing each 
Negro before him, conducts them each noon and 
evening from the field to the mill-house, where an 
inspection takes place by the manager or overseer ; 
and delinquents, who fail in exhibiting full baskets, 
are punished. 


lx 


( 34 ) 


In picking, as in weeding, each picker should 
take the middle, between two rows, and pick on both 
right and left ; which prevents the trouble of going 
round the tree—by their doing which the berries 
are liable to be shook off; and the inconvenience 
of thejr so frequently shifting their baskets is oh*? 
viated. 





The 


( S3 ) 


J 


THE CROP. 




Previous to this period the Conductor of the 
Estate pays due attention that his Mills are in good 
order ; and. before he proceeds to setting them a- 
going, which is generally done in the evening, 
and by candle or lamp-light, he makes experiments, 
with small quantities of the Cherry-Coffee, to see 
that his Mills are properly braced, and that they 
neither cut the Coffee nor pass out the grains with 
the husks. 


Fortunate is the Planter who hath a stream of 
water sufficient to turn his Mills ; which will afford 
great ease and comfort to his Negroes. If he has 
not, lie should be careful that his Mill-house is 
warm, and closed from the admission of the nffiht- 
air ; for, as the toil is laborious, excessive perspi¬ 
ration is inevitable, and therefore an allowance of 
Rum should be afforded them, as well to excite them 
to labour with cheerfulness, as to fortify the sto¬ 
mach, on issuing hot from a close house, through 
the cold night air, on their, way to their own houses. 

F " On 





( 36 ) 


♦ 


On the delivery of the Coffee at the Mill-house, 
it should be measured in a common sized Beef-bar¬ 
rel, every thirty-five* of which, when it has passed 
through the subsequent processes, ought to yield a 
thousand weight. That is, thirty-five barrels of 
Cherry Coffee will give you fourteen when dried 
in parchment, which quantity, when pounded, 
winnowed, sifted, and picked, will yield you 1000 
pounds weight for market. 

The advantage of having good roads through 
your Coffee-pieces, here particularly occurs. In 
climbing up a steep hill, a Negro may fall, and 
overset his or her basket ; in their endeavours to 
gather it up (which will not be without the waste 
and loss of some of it) they may mix therewith 
gravel or small stones : the consequence of which 
is, they will get into your mill, and spoil your gra¬ 
ter, which will cause a delay till you can make a 
new one ; and, should you not be provided with 

spare 


* Or the proportion between the Cherry and Parchment Coffee 
I am not certain that I am perfectly correct, having never 
exactly ascertained it; I shall, however, do it during the present 
crop, as the experiment can be easily tried. For although I have 
consulted several experienced Planters, it is a point on which I 
have scarce met with two who agree. I have admitted the pro¬ 
portion between the Coffee in the two Stages at two fifths. Thus 
the fifth of 35 is 7, which doubled is 14 :—which is the fafe side 
of measuring to count upon a thousand weight. 

This, however, is variable : Coffee from old land is generally of 
smaller grains, packs clofer, and weighs moie ; of this kind 
13 barrels will produce a thousand weight. 



( 37 ) 


spare copper for the purpose, you may be put to 
the necessity of continuing the use of this damaged 
grater, and thereby of rendering unmerchantable 
the remainder of your crop. 

The Manager of an Estate, as I observed at the 
beginning of this Treatise, ought to be capable of 
laying out, tracing and making of roads, wherever 
wanted. The process of tracing a road is so simple., 
that I will engage to take a field-negro, who never 
saw the operation, and make him an expert road 
tracer in an hour. 

» 

\ 

The instrument most proper for the business is 
by the French called a Ccibrit (probably from 
keeping its legs where few other than that agile 
animal can do so) and is no more nor less than a 
common level, such as is used by carpenters and 
masons, having legs descending at right angles from 
each end, of such differences in the length, as you 
mean to give to your road either ascent or declivity. 
Some people, more from affectation than utility, 
have them of nice workmanship, with one leg run¬ 
ning in a sliding groove, graduated in inches and 
parts, and having holes to put a small pin in to fix 
it at the length wanted. I have, however, generally 
put them together out of rough board, with a few 
nails, as their construction will not take above five 
minutes ; in which case I first make the two legs 
of the same length, and saw off from one of them 

as 


* Goat, or young Goat. 




( 3S ) 


as many inches or parts of an inch as T mean to 
give to the road a rise or fall, which, perhaps, on 
experiment in a small distance, I may find requisite 
to alter to more or less, as I perceive the road 
likely to come out at the point at which I wish it to 
terminate. An elevation of an inch in a foot makes 
a very easy rideable road :—above it, is too steep ; 
and less, lengthens the distance unnecessarily, ex¬ 
cept the point desired to arrive at can be attained 
with less slope, or you want to make a cart-road. 
Thus, if your level is six feet in length, the difference 
of the length of the legs should be six inches ; and 
its figure should be as represented in the plate. I 
have also subjoined the figure of a more elaborate 
one. 

The mode of using it is as simple as its construc¬ 
tion. Two persons to carry and place it will be 
required, and a third to carry picquets. If to de¬ 
scend, the long end is carried foremost ; to ascend 
the short one. In either case, the hinder person 
places one foot of the level on the place the road 
is to commence from, under which he drives in a 
picquet horizontally ; the foremost operator then 
places the foremost leg on the ground, moving it 
either to the higher or lower part of the surface (the 
hinder one keeping his end fast) till the line to 
which the plummet is suspended hangs over the 
perpendicular line marked upon the upright board ; 
he then receives from the carrier a picquet, which 
he drives in horizontally under that end of the in¬ 
strument. lie then proceeds forward, and the 

hindmost 


( 39 ) 

hindmost man brings his leg forward, and places it 
on the last mentioned picquet, when the foremost 
man, on such part of the surface as the plumb-line 
directs as before, receives from the carrier, and drives 
in, in like manner, another picquetand this is 
repeated as far as the road is intended to be carried. 

The fact is, it is not in the using this level, that 
is required either skill or ability, but in so direct¬ 
ing its proportion that it shall gain the point you 
want to attain with neither more nor less eleva-* 
tion or depression than what is required. An ex¬ 
perienced Director may perhaps change the pro¬ 
portion, and begin again to more advantage, after 
having, by a skilful glance of his eye, discovered 
where the instrument is likely to bring him to. 

However sufficient a subject of regret, to him 
who feels- it, the want of a sufficient stream of 
water to turn his Mills, still more so must be that of 
a total privation of that element to wash his Coffee, 
that is, independent of what is dispensed from the 
bounty of the clouds. Such situations, in Dominica, 
are not very common, though several there are: 
and the Coffee sent to market by Planters thus 
disadvantageous^ situated is-^eldom of so good a 
quality as that of those to whom nature has been 
more prodigal, by affording a copious stream, which 
requires not to be ceconomized ; and which will 
send the Coffee from the draining platform in the 
purity of cleanly whiteness, which contributes to 
its quality in the subsequent stages of its progress 
to market. ' Of 


( 40 ) 


Of the utility or figure of the hand-barrows, or 
trays, having pierced Copper bottoms, to carry the 
wet Coffee from the cistern to the draining platform, 
I shall not enter into the description further, than 
that they have four handles, and are carried by two 
Negros, like a Sedan Chair. I shall content my¬ 
self with observing that all Coffee-Planters should 
have them ; but as I shall not be at the trouble of 
making a drawing of their figure, I shall recom¬ 
mend to those who want them to take the model 
of their construction from those of their neighbours. 

At this period it will be well for our Planter to 
lay in a good store of patience, and to bring into 
action his whole stock of activity and diligence. 
If he is so fortunately situated as to have spacious 
and convenient platforms for the drying, and 
roomy and commodious buildings for the receipt of 
his Coffee, when dry, his work will go on with 
comfort and satisfaction. This in some situations of 
this Island is the case. When such opportunities 
offer for the manufacturing the crop, it is scarce a 
toil. Although in many places where there are 
good and roomy buildings, they are frequently so 
injudiciously contrived—so unconnected and dis¬ 
persed, as greatly to retard and impede the progress 
of the manufacture. 

Indeed it has seldom occurred that an entire 
new set of Coffee-works has been erected on a pro¬ 
perty of considerable importance at one time. They 
have commonly gradually sprung up as the Estate 

has 


( 41 ) 


has advanced in extent of cultivation and increase 
of produce ; and the Proprietors have in general 
been content with making the absolutely necessary 
additions to the buildings he first constructed, or 
found thereon, or to erect additional new ones 
near them, without the least view to contrivance, 
convenience, or design ; so that it frequently hap¬ 
pens that, instead of having all your work imme¬ 
diately under your eye in one commodious, conve¬ 
nient, judiciously constructed Building, you are 
obliged to wander from place to place, through a 
number of as ill-contrived as ill-constructed Hovels; 
an inconvenience in many places not likely to be 
remedied—as it is not every Planter who is gifted 
with a head capable of contrivance, of suggesting 
improvement, or of a spirit of enterprize sufficient 
to adopt and execute such as may be hit upon by 
others ; the majority of them religiously adhering 
to the laudable determination of going on in the 
old j og-trot way, declaring it has hitherto answer¬ 
ed all their purposes, and they will not depart from 
it. 


DISTRIBUTION 


( 42 ) 


V 


DISTRIBUTION of BUILDINGS. 




Although the distribution of the Buildings will 
seldom come within the province of the Manager, 
who must be content with such as he finds, yet as 
this Treatise may be deemed worthy the perusal of 
some persons about erecting Buildings, and the 
proper distribution of them is an object of such im¬ 
portance, the Author has presumed to offer his 
sentiments thereon. 

- \ 

For convenience, your Draining-platform should 
be contiguous to your Mill-house ; the back of 
your Mill-house, if the surface will permit, should 
be on the edge of a descent from the buildings, so 
that the Coffee-husks may be raked away to a 
sufficiently spacious artificially formed platform, 
somewhat below ; made by digging the ground to 
a level sufficient to receive it. For though they 
have an offensive smell, and contribute to filth, if 
left about the buildings, they must not be lost, 
being, as we have already observed, of great use in 
making manure. 


Immediately 









( 43 ) 


Immediately con t i g u 0 u s t o y o 11 r cl ra 1 n i n g pi a t ■ 
form should be your drying platform, or Glacis, of 
a lesser slope, and that slope the contrary way, and 
it should be spacious and- extensive : contiguous 
as possible to this latter should be your Granary or 
Beaucan ; so situated as to cast little or no shade on 
your platform at any hour of the, day during the 
year, or at least in crop time. If this Building 
consists of two stories, which I would recommend, 
as it costs so little proportionate additional expence, 
(as one roof covers all) a part of the breadth, and 
the whole length, of the lower story, may be de¬ 
voted to Coffee-drawers, and yet leave sufficient 
room for other Coffee ; or, should it happen that 
the dwelling-house forms a side or part of a side of 
the area, and it is sufficiently elevated to admit 
thereof, one front of it may be advantageously de¬ 
voted to these drawers, as is the case on the Estate 
of the Author. But in fact the figure and distribu- 
tion of the Buildings must be regulated by circum¬ 
stances of locality, and the shape of the Ground ; as 
some situations require large excavations, performed 
with prodigious labour, and vast expe-nditurcof time, 
to procure a sufficiency of flat surface on which to 
erect Buildings. That of which the figure is here 

I *i 1 • • • 'f/ / • 

represented, with some deviations, is more fortu¬ 
nately situated in that point of view than many. 
These deviations have been made in order to shew 
the advantages the present owner would have de¬ 
rived from it, had lie been the beginner of the 
Buildings, at their first origin. 


Should 


( 44 ) 

a* 

Should the situation be such as to afford a suf¬ 
ficient stream of water for the purpose, the Pound¬ 
ing Mill-House, and one Water-wheel, perform the 
whole process ; which may be extended to grating 
Cassada : but, should that not be the case, and a 
Horse-mill be requisite, it should be immediately 
contiguous, and to leeward of the Granary or 
Bcaucan . As the Horse-walk is circular, so should 
be the Building which covers it—at least a,polygon 
of a considerable number of sides, of which per¬ 
haps sixteen is as convenient a number as can be 
adopted ; and here, as the span is considerable, 
and a very trifling additional expence will convert 
it into a Building of such utility and importance, 
1 cannot repress my censure of those whose mis¬ 
taken parsimony induces them to deprive them¬ 
selves of the advantages to be derived from two 
or three feet additional length of post, which 
affords a spacious airy apartment for the reception 
of Coffee, towards the latter part of the process of 
the manufacture. The upper floor of this Building 
1 would prefer (if the ground will admit) to be on a 
level with the lower floor of the Granary, or Beaucan y 
and doors of communication, with a kind of bridge- 
passage between them. The Coffee fit for the 
pounding process should then be thence brought 
to the floor of the polygon building, and let down 
through a shuttle in the floor to the pounding 
trough, as fast as may be requisite ; and the fan¬ 
ning, or winnowing Mill being situated without, 
against one of the sides of the polygon most imme¬ 
diately to leeward, and covered with a shed-roof, 
continued from the eve of the main building, would 
so far complete the process. The 


( 45 ) 


The Sifters should be hung in the upper part of 
the Polygon, and the Picking-table round the cen¬ 
tral upright post ; and thus the presence of one 
person would suffice to superintend the whole of 
the operations. 

During all this bustle, should the picking so 
far slacken as to give him time, the attentive Plan¬ 
ter will avail himself thereof, and spare as large a 
portion as possible to weeding : for on keeping his 
Coffee-patches clear from weeds, and his Pols-cloax 
fences regularly trimmed, and their cuttings duly 
spread over the surface, will depend all his chance 
of an abundant and increasing crop. 

IIis solicitude will now be peculiarly and anx¬ 
iously called forth to the Drying-platforms, or Gla¬ 
cis . Plis Coffee we will suppose carefully spread, 
and duly raked, so as the whole of it equally bene¬ 
fits by the Sun’s beams:—When, lo ! the clouds ga¬ 
ther—his whole force about the Buildings, ser¬ 
vants, male and female, old and young, are col¬ 
lected, and his grain is housed with the utmost ex¬ 
pedition. 

The clouds disperse, and no rain falls—he spreads 
it out again, and blames himself for trusting to 
false appearances.—Again the sky assumes a gloomy 
cast.—He looks, and doubts, and thinks the 
clouds will, as before, disperse. Mistaken his 
conclusion—down comes it—in a delude too it 
comes—and ineffectual now is rendered his former 
pains of many days exposure. He 


( 46 ) 


He now finds it more prudent to err on the safe 
side, and house his grain at every token that fore¬ 
bodes a shower. 




TIIE STOVE. 

The Stove is in use on only one Estate iii this Is¬ 
land ; nor has the Author ever heard of its services 
being resorted to in the process of drying Coffee in 
any other. It is found to answer the purpose per¬ 
fectly ; and may be used when the Sun withholds 
his beams. But, as the worthy and pleasant Gen¬ 
tleman who introduced it observed to the Writer of 
this Treatise :—“ he would not sullenly forego of 
his old friend Phoebus the friendly assistance 5 ’— 
nor would we by any means be supposed to re¬ 
commend our readers so to do. The Stove may be 
usefully brought in as a serviceable auxiliary.—The 
Stove, it may be therefore concluded, may be only 
advantageously used when the Sun withholds his 
beams. 


That which he 
G1 1 r i s t o ph e r 1 v o be rt, 


instances is on the Estate of 
Esq. and the construction of 


jt was taken 


from 


the kind of Stove used in England 


for drying malt. 


W e are somewhat surprized it is not more gene¬ 
rally adopted, and can only account for it on the 
principle of the repugnance which the long esta¬ 
blished Planters, who are the best able to try ex¬ 
periments, have to deviate in the least article from 
old established custom. Ln 


♦ 



( 47 ) 


In the process of, separating the unmarketable Houfe picking 
grains, commonly called, from the French, the boni- 
Jication process, his attention will be strenuously 
called for. Here, as w^fas in the field, (simple as 
is the process) some are more expert at it than others: 

Fie must be carefully vigilant at the picking table. 

And here , should he have engaged in the conjugal 
state, a wife can superintend the business as well as 

!' t f . < , r • fr * - - 

himself, and lie may exert himself in urging matters 
forward elsewhere. Indeed, the surest way to 
equalize the work is to provide each picker with a 
hag: and as it is a work which may be allotted alike 
to the, lame, the young, not lit for, and the aged, 
already past, more active labour—laziness or re- 
missness .in performing their portion, very justly 

V * ' ■ * J * , 

comes anions those faults which call forth correc- 
tion. 


Tiie Picking-Table should be of hard wood, and 
the, surface well planed or smoothed over; as a 
ppjjshed surface much facilitates the work. A large 
heap of Coffee is placed on the middle of the Table, 
from whence each picker draws a lesser heap before 
them. They then draw it into small handfulls, 
thinly spread, towards the edge of the Table ; and, 
after picking out what few broken or other objec¬ 
tionable grains may be among them, and raking* 
them a little on one side, draw the remaining good 
Coffee into an apron or coarse cloth in their lap ; 
and, if the Coffee is of a good quality, these re¬ 
jected- grains will be so few that the business will 
go on with wonderful rapidity. When the cloth or 


apron 


/ 


( 48 ) 

\ 

apron is nearly filled, the picker should empty it 
into his or her bag :—and a good picker ought in 
tlie,course of the day to produce at least one hun¬ 
dred weight of marketable Coffee. 

As the Triage, or rejected Coffee, is still valuable 
at an inferior price, it should, of course, be pre¬ 
served : That part of it which consists of broken 
grains is as good as the rest ; and by being used 
for the consumption of the Estate, may prevent 
your encroaching, on the Coffee destined for market. 
The Flotage , or Coffee which rises to the surface in 
washing, is likewise preserved by some thrifty 
Planters ; but 1 must confess (although I may per¬ 
haps be condemned for want of economy) I would 
not be at the trouble of preserving it. 

There is another species of quality of Coffee, 
which however we must not omit taking due note 
of, by the Planters called the green and ripe, or 
last picking: of this we must enter a little more 
amply into the history. 

Towards the latter end of the Crop, when the 
ripe berries become so thin and scarce, that the 
Neg roes cannot bring home a. quantity worth the 
time and labour expended, as well as for another 
reason, the relieving the trees, already sufficiently 
exhausted, from the burthen of its fruit, by clearing 
them ot all the remaining berries, in order to allow 
vegetation to take place preparatory to the ensuing 

crop 


{ 49 ) 


crop. * Oi these mixed berries, some Planters pick 
out tiie ripe ones, which undergo the same process 
as the general crop; the others they dry in the 
outer husk ; and if they have arrived at their full 
size, though they may not have attained their co¬ 
lour, they will become good Coffee. 

. « ' t 

» 

Although the process of manufacturing it in 
this state is more troublesome, yet by putting it up 
for old Coffee (as Coffee improves by age) it may be 
cleaned in small parcels at a time, for the consump¬ 
tion of the people on the Estate ; and any remaining 
extra quantity to persons who wish for Coffee of 
a superior quality for their own drinking. Some 
Planters soak these berries, after they have become 
black, till the skin becomes sufficiently soft to pass 
through the Mill, and then proceed with it as with 
the other Coffee. 

Although these observations were not intended 
for one so young in the business, as to need to be 
informed, that he must not begin the cleaning his 
Coffee from its parchment state, till he has an Op¬ 
portunity of'delivering it as fast as he gets it ready, 
yet, having wrought them into somewhat more of 

method 


* During the process of picking in the green and ripe ber¬ 
ries, attention should be paid to pluck off the suckers which may 
have sprung up subsequent to the last weeding. Doing it at 
this time, besides most essentially relieving the trees, will save 
much labour, which must otherwise be bestowed when they 
have attained more substance and strength. 


i 




( 30 ) 

method than tile Author 'Originally intended, it 
may not be amiss to introduce the* caUtioli: for, 
as the experienced Planter well knows, if it remains 
long on the Estate after cleaning, it will turnewliite, 
which (although hot with any soli cl ground/'Colour 
being in the Colonial Market the grand criterion of 
quality) will cause its condemnation to sell at an. 
inferior price. 


Before we come to the last and most important 
section of this Work—“ The Government, Care and 
Treatment of the Negroes/'—-wer shall once more 

call forth the attention of the Coffee-Planter to his 

young trees.—We hope they are, at this period, in 
good plight, clean of weeds, and answering hi$ 
most sanguine expectations^ 


Some patches, or parts of patches, have perhaps 
attained a sufficient perpendicular height to ren- 
dei .proper the stopping their further progress, 
and to require the operation of topping or stopping— 
that is, taking off the top of the sprout at die 
height to which you mean to limit the altitude of’ 
your trees. This operation is : .at this stage easily 
done (and this is the stage most proper for its per¬ 
formance) by nipping it off with the thumb nail 
It should be done about an inch or two above the 
two uppermost opposite branches, as by perform¬ 
ing it too near them, the remaining stem may at 
that part he liable to split. * y • 

“ * ' * * *' * *7. «•- -- 

7 crt »*ttb e joints acquire elongation in 
the aiter growth of the tree. Laborie acknowledges himself in 

doubt 






{ 51 ) 


The height they should attain, previous to un¬ 
dergoing this operation, varies according to cir¬ 
cumstances. I have found three feet and an half 
(which gives a good luxuriant tree) a good rule to 
go by. But in exposed situations, subject to wind, 
it should be performed lower. The performance 
of this operation is the province of the Driver, who 
should be provided with a measure of the length 
.requisite for the purpose- 

We shall now take >our leave of the working 
; part of the Plantation, as well in the manufactory 
as in the field, and call the attention of our Coffee- 
Planter to objects that still more imperiously call 
forth the utmost exertion of his care, anxiety, and 
attention. 


doubt on the point. Although I never went to the nicety 
measuring the same tree, at different periods, yet, from the size 
I have seen trees attain, topped or stopped at the height before 
mentioned, when arrived at full maturity, I am inclined to the 
opinion of the affirmative* * 


H The 

* 


\ 








( 53 ) 



> 

THE ' 

GOVERNMENT, CARE, 

. AND 

• % 

TREATMENT of the NEGROES. 

% 


I now come to the most important part of my 
subject, the treatment of that class of people from 
whose labour the revenue of the Planter is de¬ 
rived—the Labourers; a term far more appropri¬ 
ate than that of Slaves, when applied to a set of 
people, who possess (the head of each family of 
them at least) their house, their home, their plan¬ 
tation, their poultry, their pigs—whose private 
property is as perfectly secured to them as is that 
of their master—who, in sickness, are attended by 
the same physician, and, during that period, par¬ 
take of the luxuries of the master’s cellar and table, 

: NA J 1 * , 

V Vain 


V 








/ 


( 34 ) 

Vain would be rendered the most exact adher- 
ance to the rules and principles laid down in the 
foregoing pages, if a judicious mode of conduct 
towards the class of people whose labour must put 
them in execution was not observed. Moderation* 
and humanity towards them are the first and most 
essential requisites, to which the interest of the 
Planter most incline him. Human nature of all 
colours and climes is nearly the same ; and in all 
constituted societies, from Kingdoms and Colonies 
to a Plantation, the disposition of the subject, the 
inhabitant, and the servant, must be studied and 
considered, and prudent avail be made thereof. 

In our commerce with the world, however circum- 

\ 

scribed the sphere we move in, we are obliged to 
enter in some degree into the study of mankind ; 
and a person to whom is confided the charge arid 
government of some bundled subordinate Beings r 
among whom some stand in the. relationship of 
Husband and Wife,' Child and Parent—and in 
which age and infancy, robustness and debility, 
are included, must devote himself to acquire some 
knowledge of the disposition, as well as in the 
mass, of each individual composing such a set of 
people. 

The Blacks are not quite that simple description 
of people which our philanthropists are pleased to 
represent them. A Negro*, whether a Creole or 
African, of any standing in the Colonies, is more 
polished, and better able to work his way in the 

the 



. ( $5 ) , 

world, than an European Rustic. He has more 
craft, and can more readily discover the foible or 
weakness of the person to whose authority he is 
confided He is generally conscious when he 
merits chastisement ; and either appeals to youi\ 
clemency, or suffers punishment without a murmer. 
He is also (and justl)) impatient at beingpunished 
for an imputed crime, without full conviction.— 
Therefore punishments upon mere suspicion ought 
never to be inflicted. Their domestic connexions 
should never be interfered with by the white peo¬ 
ple ; and should be discountenanced, and punished, 
where it occurs among themselves. In fact, every 
privilege and immunity to which they are entitled 
should be religiously and scrupulously afforded 
them. Their holidays and times of recreation 
should be strictly allowed them ; their cloathing 
and allowances as regularly issued to them as pos¬ 
sible ; and their private property, as well real * * as 
personal, most sacredly respected and secured to 
them.— And, as this conduct is so regularly and 

generally 


f The exercise of this talent is particularly observable on the 
appointment of a new Manager. They will devise every possi¬ 
ble means of trying his disposition and temper : they will thwart* 
as far as possible, all his measures : they will sedulously pry 
into his conduct, both past and present : and if they can dis¬ 
cover any vice, fault, or failing, they will not fail, in the most 
glaring manner, to haul it into view, and turn it to his prejudice. 

* In the Island of Dominica the Negroes have almost a Freehold 
property in the lands they cultivate for raising their ground 

provisions. 


/ 



I 


( 56 ) 

generally observed to them, that I can scarcely 
call to my recollection a property where these 
maxims are infringed, I would wish to know from 
the philanthropists in what consists the deplorable 
part of their situation ? 

Laborie ! Laborie ! thou liberal-minded, gene¬ 
rous—yes—modest Frenchman !—let me here pay 

you that tribute which, however coarsely it may 
be expressed, comes direct from the heart. The 
precepts thou hast delivered on the same subject 
breathe the soft voice of benevolence, candour, anti 
humanify.—Accept the sincere effusions of a kin¬ 
dred spirit; and may the close of life be blessed with 
that calm serenity which a mind like yours, 
fraught with pure, with genuine philanthropy and 
plnl osophy, can scarcely fail to secure to its pos¬ 
sessor !— 

I perfectly agree with this generous French¬ 
man, that “ the articles of luxury which find their 


provisions. They are allowed to take a reasonable quantity in 
the parts less likely to be wanted for the produce of the pro¬ 
perty, and to occupy it as long as they please ; or should it be 
required to be added to that part on which is raised the staple 
commodity of the Estate, a reasonable time is allowed them to 
reap the fruits of their labour, and other lands are allotted them* 
A right of Inheritance is even admitted among them, as ; n case 
of the death of the possessor, his children, it they are cIisdoslcJ 
so to do, are permitted to retain and cultivate them. 


/ 



( d ~ ) 


‘ 4 way to the master’s table should be liberally 
44 afforded the slave (as he terms him) when 
<c sick :—soup, broth, and wine, are never too good 

for those who are seriously ill.”—But the 
44 Bullock’s head,” which he prescribes for the 
Others thrice a week % is an article which (in the 
Wind ward Islands at least) is not very frequently 
procurable for the master’s own table ;—though 
pouhry, and other fresh animal food, for such as 
n quire good nourishment, ought to be, and gene¬ 
rally is, substituted ; and should be, in reasonable 
abundance, afforded them. 

I will avail myself of the work of this solid and 
reflecting Frenchman, to wind up the present 
Essay ; the observations being so just, that it is 
impossible to amend or improve them. 

On the subject of punishments he very judici¬ 
ously says — 44 Punishments must be certain, irnme- 
44 diately inflicted, proportionable to the fault, and 
* c never excessive. Crimes of an atrocious nature 
46 come within the province of the Magistracy ; 
“ the laws having wisely placed those powers be- 
“ yond the cognizance of the Master ; and do not 
44 fail to punish the trespasses committed against 
44 their authority. 

44 In the management of private discipline, it is 
44 essential to be acquainted with the character of 

44 the 


( -58 ) 


44 the offender, that such punishment may be pre- 
44 ferred as is most likely to deter him from offend- 
44 ing again. It is fortunate when from that 
44 knowledge, you may venture to dispense with 
44 that revolting ceremony, flogging. The hand of 
44 the person inflicting it, is also a matter worthy 
44 of observation ; twenty lashes from one may be 

more severe than double that number from ano- 
44 ther. 

44 Lastly, never threaten a Negro with punish- 
44 ment at a future period ; and never chastise in 
44 anger, where you run the risque of exceeding 
44 proper bounds. The coolness and temper with 
44 which punishment is directed increases the moral 
44 effect of the chastisement. A Negro, menaced, 
44 may abscond or run away ; so that punishment 
44 for two faults will be to be inflicted instead of 
44 one. 

- / 

46 I am confident that a code of regulations of 
144 the above tendency is not calculated to draw 
44 upon Planters the slanders with which they have 
44 been loaded by those pretended philanthropists, 

4 4 who have usurped the name of Friends to Negroes , 

44 which, in reality, more truly belongs to us.” 

Respecting the sick, and of those complaining, 
but of whose sincerity a doubt may arise, his ob¬ 
servations are admirable — 44 I come now,” says he, 

44 to the state of sickness, and here the Father steps 
44 into the Master’s place. 

44 Never 


( 59 ) 


_ i 

<s Never turn back any.—A Negro presents him- 
64 self in the morning (especially on Mondays) Mas- 
14 ter> lam sick /—his eye is clear, his tongue clean, 
44 his skin cool, and his belly soft. It is ten to one 
44 but he pretends illness ; yet, perhaps, he has occa- 
44 sion for a few days rest. Let him go to the 
44 hospital ; take away the pipe ; put him upon 
44 low diet, with plenty of water and clysters ; and 
54 he will be glad to be dismissed, after two or three 
44 days. 

44 Let the Drivers have a watchful eye in this 
respect. A good Negro is seen to slacken at his 
44 work, or to fail at his meals : let him be sent im- 
44 mediately to the hospital, and, of course, to the 
44 Master (or Manager’s) previous examination. 
44 Another has a small excoriation on his leg : let 
ce him be sent instantly ; otherwise a large sore 
44 may be the consequence ; and what might have 
44 been cured in three days may last perhaps fora 
44 month. The surest way in such cases is to put 
44 those laid up for sores in the stocks. Negroes 
44 fond of labour dislike the confinement of the hos- 
44 pital, and it must be such that must be princi- 
44 pally watched. On the contrary, there are 
44 others, who irritate an accidental sore, or actu- 
44 ally form one, in order to lay up. For those 
44 the hospital should be made as disagreeable as 
44 possible. When cured, and convicted, they 
44 ought to be punished. 

44 It is not, ” continues this Author, 44 in our 

I 44 power 


( 60 ) 


46 power to attend our sick Negroes with the same 
“ assiduity and watchfulness as we do our wives 
44 and children ; but in the essential things, little 
44 difference is made. The frames and distempers 
44 are similar ; except that Negroes do not bear low 
44 diet so well as Whites.” 

Who but must admire the elegance and huma¬ 
nity of the following Extract! 

44 I now come,” says Laborie, “to old age.” 

4< Light employments (as has been seen) are 
44 given to Negroes as they fall into the decline of 
44 years. 

44 But as they sink into decrepitude, retirement 
44 and rest, with affectionate usage, to alleviate the 
44 pains and hardships of bodily infirmities, are a 
44 debt due to humanity, and an acknowledgment 
44 for past services. A man of reflection and sen- 
44 sibility cannot fail to be moved at the sight of 
44 that privileged creature, who, after fulfilling in 
44 an useful manner the functions of his station on 
44 earth, through all the periods of life, stands upon 
44 the brink of Eternity, about to be united to the 
44 Author of his being ! 

44 Take care, then, not to afflict the good old 
44 man, by dragging him from his old thatched and 
44 plastered mansion, his family, and his habits, 
44 under the mistaken idea of having him more 

44 within 


( 61 ) 


within the reach of your care and attention. It 
44 is better to make his own house more comforta- 
44 ble, to furnish him with warmer clothes, and 
44 to supply his wants partly from your own table* 
44 Do not forget a glass of wine, the best milk for 
44 old age. Visit him often. If he suffers, com- 
k4 fort and relieve his distress. If he is sick, in- 
44 crease the usual care. He will bless you ; and 
44 the blessings of a good old man will be placed 
44 to your account of credit before the Almighty. 
44 The youth will thus be encouraged to serve you ; 
ii a prospect of comfort being placed before their 
44 eyes after the toils of life. If you ever descend 
44 into your own heart, there you will find an inex- 
44 pressible sentiment of approbation . 33 

And now, Laborie, I will bid thee a long farewell, 
by quoting the three concluding paragraphs of thy 
Book, which breathe such a spirit of patriotism, 
benevolence, and humanity, as must impress the 
bosom of everv reader of generous sentiments with 
veneration and respect for the man of whose heart 
they are the effusions. 

44 A good Citizen/’ says Laborie, 44 owes to his 
14 country that portion of land which Providence 
44 has assigned to him in the territory of the state. 
“ Is that a trust and responsibility to be thrown 
44 away into mercenary hands ? 

44 To enjoy under a burning zone a cool healthy 
44 climate ; to have all the comforts of life ; to see 

44 all 


( ) 


I 


ifi all around buildings in good order; a well sct- 
44 tied manufacture and household ; plantations 
44 that answer your advances, and abundantly re- 
44 pay your toils ; happy servants ; cattle in good 
44 plight ; and to be able to say to yourself, 
44 in the calm and recollection of self-applauding 
44 conscience, I have created all this,—Nature, 

44 Heaven, and Earth, my Country, and my Fel- 
44 low-citizens, smile at my labour and success. If 
44 I am remote from the pleasures of a boisterous 
44 vain world, I am secure also from its intrigues 
44 and corruption ; my days glide along without 
44 trouble ; my nights are free from the dreams of 
44 ambition and the pangs of remorse ; nothing 
44 breaks my slumbers but the tender cares due to 
44 suffering humanity : the wishes of those around 
44 me are for the duration of my existence ; and, 
44 when that shall be peaceably terminated, my 
44 servants will sprinkle my grave with their tears ; 
44 my children or heirs will bless for ever the good 
<4 man, to whose toils they find themselves indebt- 
44 ed for their comfort and bliss. 

44 Ask any reasonable man, if happiness does 
44 not exist in such a situation, is there any un- 
44 der heaven where it can be found ? ”— 

To conclude.—As I asserted in my Prefatory 
Address, the present work was not originally 
intended for publication, but merely as a Guide to 
my own Manager. It has 'grown imperceptibly 

under 


# 


( 63 ) 


under my hands to its present bulk. To others in 
a similar situation with him it may be of equal 
utility. 

It is well known, that although the work of a 
Sugar Estate and a Coffee Estate is so very differ 
rent ; yet the system of the government of the class 
of people by whom it is performed is precisely the 
same and is reducible to that short maxim—the 
extracting the greatest possible labour by the 
easiest means, or making each individual perform 
his full duty, without exacting more than justice 
and humanity demand.— Now a Sugar Planter 
may be transferred to a Coffee Estate, and although 
he is perfectly acquainted with the knowledge of 
enforcing labour, discipline, and order, he may be 
wholly uninformed of the minutia of the culture 
and manufacture of the other article of produce. 

To such a few plain directions and explanations 
may be of use ;—but to suppose they could in 
the least benefit such as are not previously acquaint¬ 
ed with the culture of soil, and the mode of direct¬ 
ing labour, would be as absurd as to undertake 
to teach, by written precepts, the carpenter’s trade 
to a man who had never seen a saw or a hatchet; 
to make a mason of a man who had never handled a 
trowel ; or to compose a treatise on the art of tooth¬ 
drawing *; which reminds me of an anecdote of a 

very 


* By the bye, Swift has obliged us with a cure for the tooth¬ 
ache, 




f 


( 64 ) 


very worthy, ingenious, but eccentric friend of the 
author,* * who invited him to pass some days with 
him, declaring “we would live like kings; for he had 
“ found a treasure.”—On my arrival I found this 
treasure was Mrs. Glass’s book upon Cookery.— 
But—this was attended with a woeful subsequent 
discovery, viz. that my friend had forgot to provide 
himself with the materials on which to display his 
newly acquired knowledge ! 


ache,—a very effectual one ; viz. the exposing the roots of the 

offending party to the rays of the Sun for half an hour , or some 
less period of time : but of the manner of bringing it into that 

warm situation from the jaw-bone he has unfortunately left the 
world in total darkness. 

* Doctor Houlton Harries. 


OMISSIONS. 



OMISSIONS. 



Among the apologies which the Author of these 
pages might , and probable ought to make for omis¬ 
sions, his chief is that scarcely pardonable, one of 
haste ; the idea of it having only struck him about 14 
days previous to his forwarding it to the press. 
He takes blame to himself for not having devoted 
more time to this work, but peculiar circumstances 
called for its sudden appearance ; and to be candid, 
he neither had no more time to spare, nor, if, he had 
would he have devoted it to this work :—a rather 
arrogant assertion, but such as considering the re¬ 
ception which gocd intentions meet with ill the 
world, he conceives to be justifiable. 

Among the number of omissions is that of not 
having added to the requisite attainments of the 
Manager (and he thought he had prescribed him 
enough) a perfect knowledge of the qualities of 
timber, and of the seasons for cutting it down for 
buildings ;—points in which he would recommend 
him to inform himself of by a communication with 
the ideas of, and benefit from, the experience of 
others. 


Of 


( 66 ) 

Of the season of the rise and fall of the sap in 
trees, and benefiting thereby in felling them in the 
dark of the moon, we recommend him to be duly 
attentive :—but as to the means of enabling him 
advantageously to derive benefit from the stages 
of the moon, for planting corn, pulse, cabbage, 
and potatoes, we shall leave him to profit by his 
own experience. 

These are the principal omissions which have 
occurred to us :—and now, craving the indul¬ 
gence of our reader to these pages, which were 
most sincerely dictated with a view to his benefit, 
we beg leave to assure him, should it happen to 
come to the Author’s knowledge, that he has in the 
smallest degree succeeded, he will feel himself 
highly gratified ; and in these sentiments he bids 
his reader a most sincere, cordial, and hearty 
farewell. 

The AUTHOR. 


Dominica, 1st July, 

1806. 


\ 

fc^rrr- -.— r- . ■ ■ - 

APPENDIX. 


OF DRAINING, &c. 


I have in general observed, with very few ex¬ 
ceptions, that Coffee affects a surface somewhat on 
a slope, in preference to a bottom or level; and 
that, even where there is not apparent extra-mois¬ 
ture in the soil. It Certainly very ill accords with 
a surface any ways inclining to a swamp. Yet 
there are instances of veins of springy lands, where 
the surface one would suppose to be not so much 
of a flat as to retain a sufficient moisture to injure 
that plant.—It is, however, frequently the case ; 
and proper precautions must, in such cases, be re¬ 
sorted to. 

The piece of land on which I essayed the mode 
here exemplified lies at the foot of a hill of a mode¬ 
rate sloye, and has itself some descent. The mode 
I took*was suggested partly by necessity, not 
having then the strength I possess at present :— 
but, was I to perform the same operation at present, 
I would notwithstanding follow the same method, 
for reasons which I shall here alledge. 


K 


Having 







( 68 ) 



Having determined on draining every second 
row of Coffee, I began by every fourth ; meaning to 
take the intermediate ones as my time and strength 
would permit: through each of which I run a trend), 
precisely in the centre, of two feet broad, and one 
foot deep, in the direction of the general descent of 
the land ; but, in order to prevent the escape of the 
soil, I made a square hole in every fourth row, 
crossing them at right angles, of four feet square, 
and from three to four feet deep : — l thus had a 
complete drain for every four rows of Coffee, and a 
deposit for the soil, which might be washed along 
hem, in four receptacles to every sixteen trees. * * 

The remedy being effectual, I desisted from the 
completion of my plan, which was, to have made 
similar drains to each second row ; and to vary the 
'situation of the pits so as to form the figure in the 
plate.—It is a mode 1 would recommend to every 
Planter, who has land which requires draining : but 
it must be observed, the outlet from one pit to the 
trench, which is to conduct it to the next lower pit, 
should be only just sufficient to let the water drain 
over, without overflowing the ground, otherwise 
the soil will be washed out almost as fast as it en¬ 
ters. 

By 

✓ 

* These, for distinction sake, I shall call the superior drains ; 
those afiervvards made at each sec ond row, the inferior drains* 


i 



( 69 ) 


By this mode, as well as accomplishing the drain¬ 
ing of the surface, a considerable quantity of the 
soil is saved, and collected :—and perhaps if hori¬ 
zontal drains were made to cross the others at the 
intervals where there are no pits, it would bean im 
provement. 




■v 

' DIAGONAL LINING. 

. 

% 

Ox the subject of lining, the ingenious Laboric 
just mentions, but does not recommend, the mode 
of planting in Quincunxes ; that is, every four pic- 
quets form two equilateral triangles. (See the 
plate.) By this mode the same quantity of ground 
is occupied ; but the rows approximate one way, 
and elongate the other. In preference to this me¬ 
thod, l would line diagonally—(seethe plate)—that 
is, the two first rows must form an angle of 4,5 de¬ 
grees with the two primitive lines ; and from these 
the other rows are laid off parallel. The only 
objection to be ailedged is, the inconvenience of 
weeding the rows thus obliquely situated :—but 
this is obviated by taking the rows direct up, and 
allotting one person instead of two. If your Coffee 
is planted at nine feet each way, this mode will 
present to each weeder a breadth of five feet and an 
half, which is as much as they can conveniently 
carry up. 

In 


( 70 ) 


In order to enable the Coffee-Planter to asceru 
the quantity of land by the number of picquets, 
may be proper to inform him that a square acre 
of land contains 43 ,560 square feet:—therefore if 
he plants at 9 feet, for every 537 picquets he may 
count an acre. 

At 10 feet, 435 picquets will be an acre. 

At 8-6S0. 

At 7 -8S8, &c. 

FOR 

10 X 10=100 and 43560=435. 

100 

^ I 

9 X 9=81-43560=537. 

81 

8 X 8=64-43560=680. 

64 

7 X 7=49 -43560=888, See. 

49 

* 

So 2722 Cane-holes of 4 feet square make an acre. 

4 X 4=16, and 43560=2722, &c. 

16 

REFERENCES 


4 












( 71 ) 


n, 


f ( -fb to Til’, CM. 1 ! fill ft 

REFERENCES to the PLATES. 


V : IO 


—- — 


* 

Plate I. represents the greater part of the plan. 
Plate II. Fig. 5, in perspective ; but the Mill- 
House, Draining Platform, &c. being thrown at 

such a distance as to become indistinct. 

Plate 111. Fig. 1, represents a view of those 

two parts separately. 


i . 


nw ,2 


In the plan, plate II. Fig. 5. 

No. 1, represents The Cherry Mill-House. 

2-The Draining Platform. 

3 —-First Drying Platform. 

4 -Granary or Beaucan. 

5 ---Second Drying Platform. 

6 ---Pounding Mill and clean¬ 

ing Loft, with the Fanning- 
Mill to the westward. 

7 -Dwelling House, under 

which are three Rows of 

. 

Drawers, five Drawers to 
each row T . 


8 ‘ 


9- 

10 - 

li- 


•A Stone Kitchen, to which 
a Stove or Kiln may be 
added, if required. 

-Store Room, 

-Manager’s House. 

-Cooper’s and Carpenter’s 
Shop. 

L The 















( 72 ) 


The other ttvo buildings being for the manufac¬ 
ture of Sugar, a part of the property being planted 
in Canes, belong not properly to this work, and arc 
only represented to shew how the Author availed 
himself of the small quantity of level surface which 
he had to deal with. 


Stable. 


12 - 


-Is a Stock-Yard. 

Sheds to keep the Stock from the 
weather. 



The water comes from a Spring through the 
Coffee to a Bason outside the Garden Fen^e, which 
has an outlet to throw it pff when too abundant ; 
from thence runs to a Bason in the centre of the 
Garden to a Bason at the Draining Platform, where 
it has another outlet, if not wanted ; from whence 
jt is sent either into the Mill Cistern, under House 
No. 1, or round by the Kitchen and Sugar-work, 
where a drain carries it oft. 


Plate II. Fig. I. Lining is referred to under 

o o 

that article. 

i % i 

Fig. 3 and 4, a plain, and a more complex 
Cabrit or Level for tracing Koads, &c. 

Fig. 6 and 7? are referred to in the Appendix. 

Plate III. represents a Plan, Elevation, end and 
sideways, and a perspective view of the Coffee- 
Mill.—That here represented is not the one com¬ 
monly in use, though of the same figure— They 


*. • 




( 73 ) 


are in general made of a solid Roller.—This he 
considered as an improvement, as throwing the 
weight from the centre to the circumference, and 
thereby answering the purpose of a tly. 

Plate IV. Fig. 1, represents the plan of ,th£ 
Coffee Mill-house,—-No. 1, Plate It. Fig. .5, in 
which only two Mills are here represented, although 
six might be placed if required . Fig. 2, represents 
a section of the Cistern, with a plastered pave¬ 
ment, over which beams are thrown, and planks 
laid for the people to stand on, inclining thereto 

each way, which conducts the Coffee at once into 
•/ 

the Cistern, and saves the trouble of gathering it 
up in baskets, as is commonly practised to put there. 

Pla te V. represents an improved Receiver, and 
Measuring Box for the Cherry Coffee. 

No. 1. The Box empty in a state for receiv¬ 
ing the Cherry Coffee, which is 
thrown in from the Ladder. 

2— The Box discharging the Cherrv 
Coflee, by being turned on the axle 
behind it. 

3— Plan of the improved Receiver. * 

• t ' 

This Receiver is nine feet longand seven broad, 
it is six feet high at the farther end, and four feet 
at the end next the Box, and has a descent to the 
spouts a and b, which feed two Mills below. 

rn 

1 II E 

* SubstitireJ for that in Plate IY. Fig. 3. 


1 



I 


- . ( r* ) 

The Box contains two Barrels ; and the Manager, 
(werseer, or Driver, must make a score, on the 
side of tlie Receiver, of the number of times it 
is discharged into the Receiver. 

i 

No. l— Plate U. Mg. o, Draining Platform. 

'No. 2, sloping in-wards-, and Drying Platform. 
No. 3, sloping outwards, in a sort of perspective, 

where it will be observed that advantage has been 
taken of the ground to sink the lower story where 
the Mills are placed, so as the floor of the upper 
story comes on a level with the platforms; in the 
upper story should be the Receiver for the Cherry - 
Coffee, which descends through two small scuttles 
to the Mills. 

Plate VI.— No. 1, is an outside view of the 
Pounding Mill, Mill-House, and Granary—No. 
is a section of the inside-—and No. ‘3, is a design 
of-a Sugar Mill and Mill-IIonse Frame.-^The mo- 

O 

tionof this Mill is accelerated by means of the 
Balance-wheel, and the cases are carried round near¬ 
ly twice, for one round of the Cattle ; but it w r as 
chieflv for the framing of the roof that he was induc- 
ed to make the drawing, which may be adopted by 
those who may stick to the common Mill, and is so 
constructed as to derive no disadvantage from the 
want of an upright support in the centre, which 
Sugar Mills cannot have, on account of the motion 
work being from thence. 


# 


C 75 ) 


CONTINUATION EXPLANATION; 
OF THE PLATES. 


I have thought proper to be somewhat minute 
in describing the different parts of the Polygon 
Bui ; ding, which covers in the Pounding-Mill and 
Loft, as its complicated construction requires 
more correctness of workmanship than any of the 
other buildings. 

As the space is very considerable, it must of 
course have a support in the centre.—And here the 
first idea is, the making the arm work in a collar 
round the upright post ; which 1 however rejected, 
and adopted the mode, Plate V, Fig. 4, 5, 6,7, & S. 

Should occasion occur (which may never 
happen) the centre post may be removed by driv¬ 
ing out the key or wedge, and inclining the post 
a little on one side ; having previously secured the 
beam by temporary uprights. 

The Author has been obliged to make names 
for the different parts of the Iron-work ; which he 
has endeavoured to make as appropriate as he could. 

Plate V, Fig. 4, 5 , 6, 7? & 8. 

A—Represents the Pivot. 


M 


B. The 





✓ 


( 76 ) 

B—The Strap , which turns round the pivot at 
No. 1, and rests upon the projecting part 
of the pivot below. 

C—The Bearer , a solid circular piece of iron, 
which rests on the second projecting part 
of the pivot below No. 2, and prevents tiie 
weight of the upright from bearing on the 
neck of the strap. 

D—The Resister , which is nailed to the bottom 
of the upright ; through which the pivot 
passes, and rests upon the bearer , to pre¬ 
vent the wood wearing or decaying. 

E—The upright central support, hooped at 
the bottom to prevent its splitting. 

This is the mode which the Author has adopt¬ 
ed and completed—and it promises strength, 

durability, and convenience* 

* * 


/ 

FINIS. 


C. Lowndes, Printer, MarquiS-Court, 
Drury-Lane, 


















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